The Culture of Feedback
Ecological Thinking in Seventies America
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The Culture of Feedback
Ecological Thinking in Seventies America
When we want advice from others, we often casually speak of “getting some feedback.” But how many of us give a thought to what this phrase means? The idea of feedback actually dates to World War II, when the term was developed to describe the dynamics of self-regulating systems, which correct their actions by feeding their effects back into themselves. By the early 1970s, feedback had become the governing trope for a counterculture that was reoriented and reinvigorated by ecological thinking.
The Culture of Feedback digs deep into a dazzling variety of left-of-center experiences and attitudes from this misunderstood period, bringing us a new look at the wild side of the 1970s. Belgrad shows us how ideas from systems theory were taken up by the counterculture and the environmental movement, eventually influencing a wide range of beliefs and behaviors, particularly related to the question of what is and is not intelligence. He tells the story of a generation of Americans who were struck by a newfound interest in—and respect for—plants, animals, indigenous populations, and the very sounds around them, threading his tapestry with cogent insights on environmentalism, feminism, systems theory, and psychedelics. The Culture of Feedback repaints the familiar image of the ’70s as a time of Me Generation malaise to reveal an era of revolutionary and hopeful social currents, driven by desires to radically improve—and feed back into—the systems that had come before.
The Culture of Feedback digs deep into a dazzling variety of left-of-center experiences and attitudes from this misunderstood period, bringing us a new look at the wild side of the 1970s. Belgrad shows us how ideas from systems theory were taken up by the counterculture and the environmental movement, eventually influencing a wide range of beliefs and behaviors, particularly related to the question of what is and is not intelligence. He tells the story of a generation of Americans who were struck by a newfound interest in—and respect for—plants, animals, indigenous populations, and the very sounds around them, threading his tapestry with cogent insights on environmentalism, feminism, systems theory, and psychedelics. The Culture of Feedback repaints the familiar image of the ’70s as a time of Me Generation malaise to reveal an era of revolutionary and hopeful social currents, driven by desires to radically improve—and feed back into—the systems that had come before.
264 pages | 8 color plates, 13 halftones | 6 x 9 | © 2019
Biological Sciences: Ecology
Culture Studies:
History: American History, History of Ideas
Sociology: Social History
Reviews
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
IntroductionThe Historiographical Context
Why It Matters: Two Ideas of Efficiency
The Historical Context
The Culture of Feedback as Practice and Form
Why It Matters: Two Ideas of Efficiency
The Historical Context
The Culture of Feedback as Practice and Form
1 Systems, Ecology, and Environmentalism
Systems Ecology and Information Theory
Ecological Thinking versus Game Theory
Gary Snyder’s Ecological Ethic
The Subversive Science
Nature’s Feedback
Ecological Thinking versus Game Theory
Gary Snyder’s Ecological Ethic
The Subversive Science
Nature’s Feedback
2 Self-Organizing Systems and Mind in Nature
General Systems Theory
Coevolution
Gaia
Coevolution
Gaia
3 Crying Indian
The Crying Indian
The Ecological Critique of the Scientific Method
Neo-Paganism and Ecofeminism
Inheriting Native Ways
Native American Intellectuals and Ecological Thinking
The Ecological Critique of the Scientific Method
Neo-Paganism and Ecofeminism
Inheriting Native Ways
Native American Intellectuals and Ecological Thinking
4 Talking with Plants
Ecology and Plants’ Rights
Vegetal Signings
Listening to Our Vegetal Selves
Psychedelics: Talking Plant-to-Plant
Freaks Like Us
Music for Plants
Vegetal Signings
Listening to Our Vegetal Selves
Psychedelics: Talking Plant-to-Plant
Freaks Like Us
Music for Plants
5 Ambient Music
Sonic Meditations
Noise as Pollution
Acoustic Ecology and “Schizophonia”
Ambient Sound
Ambient Drone and Just Intonation: The Influence of Indian Classical Music
Evolving Pieces: Music as an Ecological System
Brian Eno’s Ambient Music for Airports
Noise as Pollution
Acoustic Ecology and “Schizophonia”
Ambient Sound
Ambient Drone and Just Intonation: The Influence of Indian Classical Music
Evolving Pieces: Music as an Ecological System
Brian Eno’s Ambient Music for Airports
6 Dancing with Animals
Beyond Behaviorism
The Willfulness of Dolphins and Horses
Whale Song
Animal Choreographies
Contact Improvisation
Horse Whispering
Choreographies of Confinement
A Tale of Two Dolphins
The Willfulness of Dolphins and Horses
Whale Song
Animal Choreographies
Contact Improvisation
Horse Whispering
Choreographies of Confinement
A Tale of Two Dolphins
7 Neo-Orthodoxies
Genetic Determinism
The Resurgence of Game Theory and the End of Limits
Protective Barriers
The Resurgence of Game Theory and the End of Limits
Protective Barriers
Conclusion: A Metahistory
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index
Awards
Media Ecology Association: Dorothy Lee Award for Outstanding Scholarship in the Ecology of Culture
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