Patterns in Nature
The Analysis of Species Co-Occurrences
9780226292724
9780226292861
Patterns in Nature
The Analysis of Species Co-Occurrences
What species occur where, and why, and why some places harbor more species than others are basic questions for ecologists. Some species simply live in different places: fish live underwater; birds do not. Adaptations follow: most fish have gills; birds have lungs. But as Patterns in Nature reveals, not all patterns are so trivial.
Travel from island to island and the species change. Travel along any gradient—up a mountain, from forest into desert, from low tide to high tide on a shoreline —and again the species change, sometimes abruptly. What explains the patterns of these distributions? Some patterns might be as random as a coin toss. But as with a coin toss, can ecologists differentiate associations caused by a multiplicity of complex, idiosyncratic factors from those structured by some unidentified but simple mechanisms? Can simple mechanisms that structure communities be inferred from observations of which species associations naturally occur? For decades, community ecologists have debated about whether the patterns are random or show the geographically pervasive effect of competition between species. Bringing this vigorous debate up to date, this book undertakes the identification and interpretation of nature’s large-scale patterns of species co-occurrence to offer insight into how nature truly works.
Patterns in Nature explains the computing and conceptual advances that allow us to explore these issues. It forces us to reexamine assumptions about species distribution patterns and will be of vital importance to ecologists and conservationists alike.
Travel from island to island and the species change. Travel along any gradient—up a mountain, from forest into desert, from low tide to high tide on a shoreline —and again the species change, sometimes abruptly. What explains the patterns of these distributions? Some patterns might be as random as a coin toss. But as with a coin toss, can ecologists differentiate associations caused by a multiplicity of complex, idiosyncratic factors from those structured by some unidentified but simple mechanisms? Can simple mechanisms that structure communities be inferred from observations of which species associations naturally occur? For decades, community ecologists have debated about whether the patterns are random or show the geographically pervasive effect of competition between species. Bringing this vigorous debate up to date, this book undertakes the identification and interpretation of nature’s large-scale patterns of species co-occurrence to offer insight into how nature truly works.
Patterns in Nature explains the computing and conceptual advances that allow us to explore these issues. It forces us to reexamine assumptions about species distribution patterns and will be of vital importance to ecologists and conservationists alike.
184 pages | 34 halftones, 15 tables | 6 x 9 | © 2015
Biological Sciences: Conservation, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Natural History
Reviews
Table of Contents
Preface
Part I. The Distribution of Species on Islands
Chapter 1. Patterns or Fantasies?
Species Co-occurrences
The Night Sky Effect
Patterns in Nature
Finding the Null
What This Book Is About
How This Book Is Organized
Chapter 2. Diamond’s Assembly Rules
Robert MacArthur, 1930–1972
Special Islands and Their Birds
What Is a Checkerboard Distribution?
Incidence
The Theoretical Context
The Cuckoo Doves
Patchy Distributions
Summary
Chapter 3. The Response of Connor and Simberloff
The Backlash
How Likely Are Checkerboards?
Prior Expectations
The Analysis of Vanuatu
Summary
Part II. A Technical Interlude
Chapter 4. How to Incorporate Constraints into Incidence Matrices
Definitions and Notation
The Numbers of Null Matrices and the Effect of Constraints
The Hypergeometric Distribution
The Three Ecological Constraints Proposed by Connor and Simberloff in Their Studies of Birds and Bats on Islands
Incidence
Why Constraints? And What Does “Representative” Mean?
Summary
Chapter 5. How to Fill the Sample Null Space
Null Space Creation Algorithms
Creating a Uniform Random Sample Null Space
The Trial-Swap Algorithm
Summary
Chapter 6. How to Characterize Incidence Matrices
Then You Need a Metric . . .
The Metric of Connor and Simberloff (1979)
Wright and Biehl (1982)
Harvey et al.’s (1983) Review of Null Models in Ecology
Stone and Roberts (1990, 1992) and Roberts and Stone (1990)
Why Ensemble Metrics Fail—An Example
Summary
Part III. Reanalysis and Extensions
Chapter 7. Vanuatu and the Galápagos
The Birds of Vanuatu
The Birds of the Galápagos
Summary
Chapter 8. The Birds of the Bismarck and Solomon Islands
The Issue of Superspecies
The Patterns
Taxonomic Sieving and Incidence Effects
Which Genera Develop Checkerboards?
Caveats
When the Incidences Do Not Overlap
Summary
Coda
Chapter 9. Species along a Gradient
The Herptofauna of Mount Kupe, Cameroon
Why Do the Results Differ from Previous Results?
The Second Question: Do Species Form Distinct Communities?
Summary
Chapter 10. Applications to Food Webs: Nestedness and Reciprocal Specialization
Nestedness
Groupings of Species Interactions
Summary
Chapter 11. Coda
MacArthur’s Original Vision
The Patterns Themselves
The Need for Null Hypotheses
References
Index
Part I. The Distribution of Species on Islands
Chapter 1. Patterns or Fantasies?
Species Co-occurrences
The Night Sky Effect
Patterns in Nature
Finding the Null
What This Book Is About
How This Book Is Organized
Chapter 2. Diamond’s Assembly Rules
Robert MacArthur, 1930–1972
Special Islands and Their Birds
What Is a Checkerboard Distribution?
Incidence
The Theoretical Context
The Cuckoo Doves
Patchy Distributions
Summary
Chapter 3. The Response of Connor and Simberloff
The Backlash
How Likely Are Checkerboards?
Prior Expectations
The Analysis of Vanuatu
Summary
Part II. A Technical Interlude
Chapter 4. How to Incorporate Constraints into Incidence Matrices
Definitions and Notation
The Numbers of Null Matrices and the Effect of Constraints
The Hypergeometric Distribution
The Three Ecological Constraints Proposed by Connor and Simberloff in Their Studies of Birds and Bats on Islands
Incidence
Why Constraints? And What Does “Representative” Mean?
Summary
Chapter 5. How to Fill the Sample Null Space
Null Space Creation Algorithms
Creating a Uniform Random Sample Null Space
The Trial-Swap Algorithm
Summary
Chapter 6. How to Characterize Incidence Matrices
Then You Need a Metric . . .
The Metric of Connor and Simberloff (1979)
Wright and Biehl (1982)
Harvey et al.’s (1983) Review of Null Models in Ecology
Stone and Roberts (1990, 1992) and Roberts and Stone (1990)
Why Ensemble Metrics Fail—An Example
Summary
Part III. Reanalysis and Extensions
Chapter 7. Vanuatu and the Galápagos
The Birds of Vanuatu
The Birds of the Galápagos
Summary
Chapter 8. The Birds of the Bismarck and Solomon Islands
The Issue of Superspecies
The Patterns
Taxonomic Sieving and Incidence Effects
Which Genera Develop Checkerboards?
Caveats
When the Incidences Do Not Overlap
Summary
Coda
Chapter 9. Species along a Gradient
The Herptofauna of Mount Kupe, Cameroon
Why Do the Results Differ from Previous Results?
The Second Question: Do Species Form Distinct Communities?
Summary
Chapter 10. Applications to Food Webs: Nestedness and Reciprocal Specialization
Nestedness
Groupings of Species Interactions
Summary
Chapter 11. Coda
MacArthur’s Original Vision
The Patterns Themselves
The Need for Null Hypotheses
References
Index
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