It is well known that Laos’ emergence as a modern nation-state in the 20th century owed much to a complex interplay of internal and external forces. This book argues that the historiography of Laos needs also to be understood in this wider context. Not only does this volume consider how the Lao have written their own nationalist and revolutionary history ‘on the inside’; it also examines how others – the French, Vietnamese, and Thais – have tried to write the history of Laos ‘from the outside’ for their own political ends. Rather than divorcing these two trends, this book demonstrates that they were interlinked. This is an approach that has applications and implications far beyond Laos.